Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assignment 2 - Essay Example (Smith and Preston 2000) Alliance Decision Support: This a strategic decision support system that reports healthcare providers’ cash flow and operating margin from existing operations. It can also be considered as an integrated system since it combines financial, clinical and administrative information and other key indicators for decision making. (Enrado 2007) Microsoft Electronic Medical Record and Clinical Information System Solutions for Healthcare Providers: This a clinical information system developed as an electronic record storage that integrates data from a wide range of systems aimed at improving productivity and quality of service. (Microsoft 2008) Ascentis HR: As a human resource management system, it aids in the administrative work of a healthcare organization by integrating and centralizing HR system that promotes connectivity, communication and control. (Ascentis 2008) EMIT Primary Care: This combines both strategic decision support and patient care systems by using Internet technology to its online patient management structure. â€Å"It aims to change the current concept of silos of information to a model of interoperability.† (NZ MOH) Enterprise Performance System: A strategic decision-making system that integrates Internet technology in the delivery of critical information for financial planning. (Enrado) It features web-based decision support applications such as those that concern productivity, contract modeling and enterprise-wide reporting. The Seimens Syngo Suite: This is a clinical management system that offers a complete imaging management workflow that increases the efficiency of diagnostic and therapeutic cycles. The system that seamlessly features information in images allows a role-based access to information. (Seimens 2008) Two of these management systems, EMIT Primary Care and Enterprise

Modern Scientific Theories Essay Example for Free

Modern Scientific Theories Essay For years evolutionists and creationists have been arguing about the way the world was created and whether it has been designed or has evolved over thousands of millions of years. William Paley was a creationist and believed that the universe must have a designer, as it is so complex with many complex organisms. To him it was observable that the universe is designed and if this is true then there must be a designer, which he believed to be God. Many scientists disagree with this theory and say that there is another way the universe could be how it is today. Scientists believe in the theory of the big bang. Unlike the creationists who take each word of the bible literally and believe that God created the universe in 6 days about 6000 years ago scientists believe the universe was created by the big bang about 15000 million years ago. The big bang theory states that the universe was created by a big explosion that threw out materials that now have created the universe of galaxies and stars and planets. It can be proven that the universe is expanding by the red shift of light and the movement of galaxies away from us. As with all explosions the big bang also let out beams of radiation which can still be seen today as the explosion was so large. Some people believe that this theory of the big bang is too much to believe, it is too amazing that all this could have happened without something to cause it. The energy of the big bang was perfect for creating the universe. If it had been less the explosion would not have created galaxies but just dust and if it had been too much life could never exist. The gravity of the universe must also have been perfect for life to exist in the universe, and many people believe the only way this could all be perfect is by something to design it with the right amount of energy, a source of energy to always exist and the right of gravity. People believe this to be God and think of the scientific theory of the big bang to also be as true as God. Creationists look at the bible of scientific truths and therefore do not accept the scientific truths of the big bang theory. However, the bible teaches us religious truths and so is another description of the same creation story. There are three types of people, the creationists who  believe every word of the bible, the scientists who do not believe in God or follow the bible and the people that agree with both theories and do not believe they are in opposition. Those scientists who do not believe in God say that if the big bang was the start of everything, including time, then God cannot exist before the big bang as there was no before as time did not exist. This to them proves that there is no designer involved in the process of creation. Evolutionists such as Richard Dawkins believe Darwins theory of evolution proves creationists wrong. As Hume said, if we were not always the way we are now then how could we be designed, the fact humans did not always exist, for example in the time of the dinosaurs, and we exist now then we must have somehow evolved. Creationists have an argument against the fact that we didnt exist when dinosaurs did. In a town called Glen Rose in Texas Fossilised dinosaur footprints were found alongside large Human footprints. Creationists and the people of Glen Rose believe that this disproves the Darwinian Theory as it proves that dinosaurs and humans co-existed. The evolutionists are trying to prove that these are not human footprints as it attacks their theory strongly. As can be seen Creationists and Evolutionists are continuously attacking each other, as creationism keeps re-appearing. Some creationists feel so strongly about their beliefs that they will not allow evolution to be taught in schools. This happens in Glen Rose and in many other places. Creationists are people that take the creation story in the bible very literally and believe that the universe was created in six days. Evolutionists say that this is impossible because they have proof that the universe evolved over thousands of years and is still not complete. They believe that evolution has no target and is a blind automatic process to which there is no end target or goal. They follow Darwins theory of evolution and natural selection. Paley, who believes the universe is designed, uses the example of the eye as one that proves that the earth is designed; he says that many organisms have very complex eye systems, such as a moth that has a very complex eye. If this eye was not designed then how  did it become as complex as it is? Evolution and science says that the eye can build up through cumulative processes of random selection and mutation. Unlike Paley they do not believe the eye was formed in one single step but believe it was a multitude of steps of evolution and is not pure chance. Their proof for this is that all the stages of evolution of an eye can be seen in different organism. Some organisms have very simple eyes and others more complex. They have not only proved this for the eye but for many other organs. The heart of a human is very complex and has a double circulation system; this is more advanced than the heart of a mouse, which proves that creation takes place in steps. Evolution is a process propelled by survival of the fittest where an insect that looks 15% like a leaf will survive longer than an insect, which only looks 4% like a leaf. The insect that looks most lie a leaf will survive to reproduce and pass on the gene that makes it look like a leaf to its offspring and after generations that particular insect will look more and more like a leaf. This process takes place with all organisms and wrongly causes people to think that the universe is designed by God and created in 6 days. From a scientific point the design argument is wrong as it creates a distinction between humans and other species, which does not exist. According to genetic information species are not as different from each other as people like Paley make out they are. Although science has tried very hard to disprove the design argument many people believe that both could be true and they are just different forms of saying the truth. They believe that the scientific theory of creation is just a more complex and detailed way of telling the same story that Genesis suggests and that the design argument is simply a simpler version of the same thing. There are a few ways that religious people or people who believe in a designer can relate Darwins theory to the idea of God. A theistic interventionist approach states that God created the souls of organisms but that the bodies could be developed through evolution. The body of Adam may have evolved through natural selection but his soul was created and  designed directly by God. Another way that science and the design argument link is that evolution and God dont have to be mutually exclusive and evolution could be the way that God operates. This is the idea of Karl Rahner. The philosopher Henri Bergson argued in his book Creative Evolution that there was something that made evolution take place, and that evolution is part of Gods design. AS of yet no answer has been found that is universally believed for the creation of the universe and all we have are persuasive arguments. Bibliography *The Question is (video) *The Blind Watchmaker (video) *The Question Of God Michael Palmer *Religion and Science Mel Thompson *Looking For God Robert Kirkwood

Essay --

In the 21st century, there have been many visionaries in society who aim to bring about social change. Understanding different societies and the way they evolve are a part of social change. In the films, Pleasantville, Crash, American History X, the Pianist and Cry Freedom a move towards social change is seen. The structure of family, discrimination and the breaking of social barriers are prominent factors in all these films. These arguments be seen through an anthropological, sociological and psychological perspective. The anthropological discipline views family structure as a part of culture. The term of family structure in anthropology is known as kinship. Every film highlights the family structure. According to an anthropological school of thought a functionalist explains that how family structure is important and if this structure is not proper it can affect the whole society. In the film, Pleasantville, one of the prominent themes is the family structure. According to an anthropological view family structure is strong in Pleasantville because of the way the people are raised. They are raised in a culture where they are taught to have a strong bonding. Bud was interested in watching that show because his own family life was disturbed. In the beginning of the film, when his mom plans to go out for a while, the first thing that comes into Bud’s mind is that he will get time to watch his favourite T.V show. The family shown in the film Pleasantville was a typical nuclear family following a patriarchy. In Pleasantville, George is seen romanticizing with his wife Betty which is an example of family structure, â€Å"Oh pumpkin, you sure know the way to this man’s heart†. Family structure is very in every step of life. In the film, The ... ... changes the way people thought about things. In other films, such as, The Pianist and Cry Freedom there were examples of breaking of social barriers which affected the psychology of the population who brought change in their behaviour after discontinuing the traditional practices. Conclusion Through the analysis of the films, The Pianist, Pleasantville, Crash, American History X and Cry Freedom, the dynamics within societies are shown. These dynamics can be viewed according to anthropology, sociology and psychology. Each film emphasizes the effect social change. The themes displayed in every film including discrimination, family structure and breaking social barriers are all a part of social change. Furthermore, social change displayed in American History X, the Pianist, Cry Freedom, Pleasantville and Crash all deals with revolution and movement towards change.

Ict In Class Rooms In Rural Areas Education Essay

This undertaking is focused in implementing ICT in rural country, and the instance survey is on fufore local authorities in Yola. As we all know rural countries in Nigeria lack quality and basic instruction, when you talk about instruction in rural country what comes to our caput is low criterion of acquisition, hapless instruction, non good equipt category suites for pupil ‘s instruction or deficiency of proper substructure suited for instruction. Fufore Local Government is settled country in the southern portion of Adamawa with five major linguistic communications known as Fulani ( largest ) , Bata, Verre, Laka and Pere, it consist of 1500 people that live at that place, most of them prosecute in cowss rise uping, domestic fowl, farming etc. When one went to detect these schools i noticed there were at least 300 kids that went to both baby's room and secondary schools, but the job is they lack installations that will do these pupils feel they are larning which makes some pupi ls even drop out of schools and get down prosecuting in house work activities. This undertaking focuses on schools in fufore that need ICT services to better pupil ‘s cognition and ability to larn in order for these schools to hold equal instruction as the pupils in urban schools, if pupils in the rural country are non given equal instruction as pupils in the urban country there is a consequence of inequality. â€Å" Unequal tools in an unequal environment create unequal consequences † ( Ukpe, 2010 ) . Implementation/ Application of ICT in category suites in rural country is traveling to profit both the society as a whole, the instructors, and the pupils. It goes a long manner to assist the society, because when pupils start utilizing ICT in schoolrooms some of their friends at place will besides happen it interesting this will do them besides want to get down schooling and cognize what school is approximately. This survey will besides be used as a instance survey to many parts of rural countries in Nigeria, doing them cognizant of how value ICT is in our coevals and besides doing these local pupils to suit into any schools they find themselves in in urban schools because this execution of ICT will non merely do these pupils concentrate on merely computing machine and information surveies they will besides larn how to use the cognition in their assorted classs. Methodology In order to hold grounds for the execution of ICT in schoolrooms, I will hold to compare this primary/secondary schools in rural country with the one time in urban. The methods I used are personal observation, interview and on-line research ( cyberspace ) . We can see most urban schools have good functioned schoolrooms with good equipped IT services such as utilizing projectors in category suites, computing machines, wireless LANs, File direction utilizing databases. In order to convert these administrations we have to province the grounds why we think ICT is of import for these locals in rural country. Merely looking at an illustration of an urban schools such as Abti Academy in Yola, Capital scientific discipline in kuje, El-Amin International school in Minna ; we can see they all have what it takes for them to hold a well cognition of what IT is all about, they do category interactions, they submit their plants in timely mode particularly the senior pupils, it broadens their heads which they can associate to other classs and use them when necessary, The pupils have full entree to the lab to make research, take classs in computing machine instruction, type paperss and gather information on relevant subjects for their coursework and from every observation I noticed that schools in the urban country have high rankings in their external and internal tests such as mock tests, WEAC exams. In order to cognize what is truly the job of these schools towards their deficiency of ICT knowledge an interview was taken with most principals in these rural schools shown below. Make you cognize what a computing machine is? Make you mean to larn how to utilize it and make you mean to learn these pupils if you have the opportunity to? Make you have a computing machine? And do you cognize how to surf on the cyberspace with it? What do you believe about implementing ICT in schoolrooms? How do you believe it will impact the pupils? Interview Summary The interview was conducted with three different principals of three different countries in fufore, but all their replies were closely the same. They stated they ‘ve had an experience utilizing a computing machine, that it would be great to hold such an chance to utilize computing machines and other IT services in their schools, it will certainly assist the pupils and edify them about what the universe is all approximately now. They stated that they ‘ve all being provided by the school with merely one computing machine and an internet connexion, and in a rural topographic point like fufore I believe there is a limited sum of power supply which makes it even more hard to utilize this computing machine by anyone. They stated pupils in their country are in demand of ICT in schoolrooms in order to doing learning easier for both the instructors and pupils, they besides have a job with their instructors who do n't get computing machine accomplishments, it will be hard for them to learn and steer these pupils through. ICT will greatly impact and hold a positive influence on these pupils, they will hold an chance to be traveling for national competitions because these services will non merely better them in one country, they will besides hold the ability to talk proper and fluid English, they can besides larn how to type by making their class plants on their computing machines and making research on the cyberspace which will even assist the senior pupils in history categories. They besides mentioned that pupils in this country are ever willing to larn, so it wo n't be a job for them to acquire used to it. Development and Implementation of ICT in category suites in rural country: fufore LGA Through ICT in rural schools it will spread out the entree to pupil ‘s instruction, now that engineering is one of the things that helps us develop in this universe. So we have to do the rural schools aware of that which will greatly impact both the pupils and their talks, it will besides do them aware of what is go oning in our universe today ( News ) by shoping on the cyberspace, besides assist them better interactions in footings of picture conferencing and distance acquisition ; through picture conferencing it will enable to portion thoughts and know about other classs that are non offered in the school. ICT is an extensively strong engineering for widening and spread outing educational chances in formal and informal ways, in this instance rural schools. â€Å" ICT is a technological development that reflects the new society and has its topographic point within instruction. However, as with many new enterprises, ICT evidently has its jobs that over clip will be addressed. Meantime, ICT should go on to be promoted to help with instruction and acquisition. I will heartedly hold with anyone who states that ICT is a valuable tool for both instruction and larning – speech production as person who got the last lessons program for my instruction from the Internet- but I ca n't assist feeling that the accent on the usage of ICT detracts from other current ‘sexy ‘ instruction issue – socialization. I believe that developing instructors ‘ societal and reding technique is a greater precedence than their ICT accomplishment † ( Sime & A ; Mark, 2005 ) Entree to remote learning resources: Teachers and pupils no longer hold to trust on printed text editions or even purchase them due to how expensive they can be, they instructors can merely happen text editions on the net and direct the pupils to entree them excessively. With the Internet and the World Wide Web, a wealth of larning stuffs in about every topic and in a assortment of media can now be accessed from anyplace at any clip of the twenty-four hours and by an limitless figure of people. This is important for many schools in developing states. Students will hold control towards self acquisition: For illustration, instructors can merely give a research paper as an appraisal for the pupils, during that research they besides learn a batch through seeking and shoping different articles. This besides broadens their heads to besides believe fast, detect the state of affairs of the research, leting their heads to take over and hold control of what they are making and besides doing their ain sentiments and what they think. Motivation to larn: the usage of multimedia computing machine package that include sound effects, images can be used in larning procedure for people in rural countries, besides as synergistic wirelesss and other public presentation. This will actuate the locals to larn because it ‘s new to them and so i believe that some locals tend to understand images or artworks instead than reading them that manner they understand better. Use of modern instruction tools: in rural countries they still have an old manner of learning their pupils ; some do n't even hold notebooks, or other writing stuffs. Through ICT, pupils can larn how to pull off their files on computing machines instead than composing notes in their notebooks, besides instructors have PowerPoint to show to the category by that they can merely compose short notes on what the instructor is speaking about. In order to better the school from my ain point of position it needs these demands for pupils to hold a basic thought of ICT is approximately. Provision of hardware resources for internet connectivity such as WAN, LAN, MAN. Software bundles for larning or academic related Cadmiums which they can put in in their computing machines to better ego acquisition. Television for the nursery school pupils because kids in nursery school learn faster with images instead than utilizing books, and Projectors for the primary and secondary pupils. A well functional and equipped computing machine that contains at least 15 computing machines. Power supply via solar energy, because electricity is n't that dependable and effectual in rural countries, and besides this execution is based in fufore which is ever cheery every twenty-four hours. So solar would be a good beginning of electricity. These executions can be done with the aid of private administrations and even the authorities, we all know nil is free ; these administrations can acquire net income out of this successful execution and undertaking. They will maintain implementing ICT and bettering other schools in this country. Since I noted that non all instructors have enough computing machine accomplishments to manage the pupils larning or to command these equipments, the administrations besides have to provide the schools with good trained teachers/experts to demo them how to take attention of things merely for some clip. This is an expensive and critical undertaking due to many resources that are needed, power supply because without power supply these resources are merely traveling to stop up being at that place without no 1 utilizing it and besides this is the hereafter of our kids to edify them and doing them hold a cognition of IT, doing them have the same and equal instruction the urban schools are holding so they wo n't experience left out. From all observations we can see how value instruction is and rural instruction can non be compared to the urban because they have more experience in ICT than the locals have. ICT in category suites has a batch of advantages and benefits to our day-to-day life now, makes pupils get accomplishments, accomplishments that will take them to the following degree, skills that will better their manner of thought and will besides alter their lives because after school they can travel to these urban countries and acquire a good occupation alternatively of remaining in their country and making the basic business such as farming. Technology is portion of our universe now and its used in our day-to-day activities, with the assistance ICT in category suites they will hold entree to distance larning which will heighten their acquisition accomplishments and ability, non merely within the category room but globally or worldwide. In order for these pupils to be equal with pupils from other developed schools, they need to be given a opportunity ; they need to be given the chances that are being given to the more fortunate schools/students. Nigerian Government, private administrations and private beginnings have to come together to do this possible for our coevals and besides to assist the state.

Patterns of Behaviour Essay

To form a reaction the particles must collide in high speed. The faster the particles collide the more kinetic energy is produced. This produces a bigger reaction. There are five key variables that affect the rate of a reaction (in this case with a solid and a solution): Change in temperature An increase in heat energy within the particles leads to more kinetic energy. Therefore there is more collision of particles and it increases the rate of the reaction. When we decrease the amount of heat energy, this will evidently slow down the reaction. For example we slow down the process of our food rotting by placing it in a fridge or a freezer. Change in concentration The concentrations of acids are classed in molars, so 2m would quite a strong concentrated acid, 0. 5m would be a very dilute weak acid and 1m would be in between the two. Also, the more concentrated the acid, the more particles it contains, so there is more of a chance for collisions.   Change of particle size Increasing the surface area of the particles would lead to more collision. We do this by making the particles smaller. For instance peeling a large potato would not take as long as peeling four small potatoes; this is because the smaller potatoes have a larger surface area for you to peel. Pressure (for gases only) Increasing the pressure would bring particles closer together so there would be more of a chance for collision.   Catalyst A catalyst lowers the activation of energy required, consequently there being a faster reaction. The three variables we are choosing to show which effect the rate of reaction in our experiments are: Particle size Concentration   Temperature Pressure was inappropriate to use as a variable, because we were not using two gases and a catalyst was unsuitable to use for small tests like these. I think that the tests in changing the temperature will have the fastest times, as the hotter a solution is the more the particles will move and collide, thus the rate of carbon dioxide being produce will be faster. I also think that the large particles test will take the slowest amount of time because of the lack of surface area and the reverse will occur with the test with powered calcium carbonate. Plan We will be running a various number of experiments to prove what effects the rate of reaction with calcium carbonate (marble chips) and hydrochloric acid. The balanced equation for these reactants along with the products: Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water Ca Co + 2 HCl Ca Cl + Co + H O When experimenting with the effects of the particle size we will use three sizes: large marble chips, small marble chips and powered calcium carbonate. For the tests in concentration of acid we will use 2m, 1m and 0. 5m. We will use 50cc of hydrochloric acid in each test to guarantee precise results. Finally for the experiments with the changes of temperature we will be heating the acid using a bunsen burner for two temperatures: 30i and 40i , then leaving the acid at room temperature (around 22i ). We will measure the temperature accurately using a thermometer. These will be the only three things that we are going to vary, to explain what affects the rate of reaction. We will also only be testing one variable at a time. For example, in the test for concentration we will obviously be varying the concentration of the acid (0. 5, 1 and 2m) but we will be keeping the temperature and the particle size the same (room temp. and small marble chips). To tell us what actually affects the rate of reaction we will monitoring how fast carbon dioxide is given off. To find this out we will have a plastic basin containing water. A test tube measuring 10cc filled with water will be held upside down in the basin of water and a delivery tube will be attached to the beaker holding the acid and calcium carbonate and the other end will be positioned in the test tube in the water. We will use all the same apparatus to ensure everything is fairly tested and is accurate to the equipment we are using. As the acid reacts with the calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide is released. This will travel through the delivery tube and into the test tube. The test tube will fill up with carbon dioxides and the water will pushed out. We will be timing this with a stop clock. As the water descends to 1cc we will record the time, then at 2cc, again at 3cc and so forth. At the end of each experiment we should have 10 times recorded. For each factor, instead of just performing the experiment once, we will repeat it three times to provide us with a more accurate end result. In total we will be doing 27 tests to show what effects the rate of reaction. Diagram To make certain that this method is good enough and to certify that it worked properly we will carried out a trail experiment. We used all the average variables for fair testing. So the temperature was at room (22i ) the concentration not to strong or weak (1m) and the small marble chips. Trial experiment results 1 molar room temperature small marble chips Min/sec 1cc 1:41 2cc 3:15 3cc 4:46 4cc 6:13 5cc 7:35 6cc 9:03 7cc 10:34 8cc 11:56 9cc 13:27 10cc 14:33 The carbon dioxide was released very slowly in this test. It took over fourteen and a half minutes for it to finish and this would not be practical because of the limited time been given to conduct all our experiments. It took so long, because we had only put one small marble chip in. There were no more calcium carbonate particles to react with the acid particles, so this had a dramatic effect on the time. On In each test we do we will always place more particles than the amount we need, so there is excess calcium carbonate at the end to make sure it does not run out during the test. Because this was the first time we were trying the tests out we were a bit slow placing the bung on and maybe some of the carbon dioxide had escaped. To improve our main experiments to achieve accurate results we had to place the bung on as soon as we dropped in the calcium carbonate to make sure no carbon dioxide escaped. Results Concentration 0. 5 molar room temperature small marble chips 1st 2nd 3rd Average Temperature Room temperature 1molar small marble chips 1st 2nd 3rd AverageAnalysis On the concentration graph the average of the 0. 5m results was looked very different compared to the 1m and 2m averages. Because it took the longest time to reach 10cc of carbon dioxide, the gradient of the line of best fit sloped very gently. The release of carbon dioxide started off very slow at the being. It took 1:30 minutes to reach 1cc, then the rate quickened and in 2 minutes 5cc of carbon dioxide had been given off. On the graph the gradient in those two minutes steepened. The rate slowed down after that and the release of carbon dioxide was gradual and steady.

Analysing HIHs recent events essays

Analysing HIH's recent events essays On March 15, 2001, Australia ¡Ã‚ ¯s second largest insurance company HIH collapsed and an application for its liquidation was submitted. It soon escalated into Australia ¡Ã‚ ¯s biggest corporate failure in June after the insurer ¡Ã‚ ¯s final tally of losses was estimated to be about $3 billion in Australia and almost $5 billion worldwide, very well above the early estimate of $1 billion . HIH ¡Ã‚ ¯s demise was mainly due to the criminal and unethical activities that the company directors committed, as well as risk management practices and poor decision-making. As a result, most HIH ¡Ã‚ ¯s creditors, policyholders, shareholders, employees and many other businesses and departments, who are innocent victims, have been enormously affected. In the early 1990s, HIH quickly expended business overseas through the Europe and the United States. However, it did not have the control in place. HIH started to reinsure from 1997 and it had been accepting too many risky insurance claims from other insurance companies. Thus, it did not set aside enough capital to pay out over a number of years to policyholders. For example, HIH paid couples of hundred million dollars to cover workers compensation in California by raising its premium rates in another countries. Meanwhile, a wine company in NSW decided to take its money out of the insurance group, but HIH had no more capital to cover the cost. Furthermore, the under-reserved position of the insurance group was greatly exaggerated when HIH bought Rodney Adler ¡Ã‚ ¯s FAI Insurance for $275 million by depressing share price in the late 1998. However, it escalated in September 2000 when it sold half of its personal insurance operations to the German insurer Allianz for $325 million, including the FAI brands. It clearly showed that the company was no longer viable because the amount it had to pay out on claims exceeded the income it receives through premiums and investments. Likewise, HIH used $400 million to build...

Snake by D H Lawrence and Jaguar by Ted Hughes Essay Example

Snake by D H Lawrence and Jaguar by Ted Hughes Essay Example Snake by D H Lawrence and Jaguar by Ted Hughes Paper Snake by D H Lawrence and Jaguar by Ted Hughes Paper and cuts line to get the point across about the snake and its movement. The missing out of like A fossil makes this part a metaphor and gives the image of the boa constrictor being exceptionally still, as a fossil is made of stone. Stinks of sleepers from the breathing straw sets off the intensity of the stench of the dosing creatures. The image of the animals being so calm that they could be painted onto a nursery wall was calming and D H Lawrence put across the snake as calming: guest in quiet and also peaceful, pacified. There is a gust of sudden movement in the poem as the view is then moved onto the jaguar. Sudden movement again is a similarity between the two, when the man looks round for the log and then throws it at the snake at the trough. The crowd, stands, stares, mesmerised this crowd are in awe of a creature as the man was to the snake. The onlookers are like a child at a dream, they are amazed at what they see.

How to Ask Your Parents for Money in College

How to Ask Your Parents for Money in College Asking your parents for money while youre a college student is never easy or comfortable. Sometimes, however, the costs and expenses of college are more than you can handle. If youre in a situation where you need to ask your parents (or grandparents, or whomever) for some financial help while in school, these  suggestions should help make the situation a little easier. 6 Tips for Asking for Financial Help Be honest. This is probably the most important. If you lie and say you need money for rent but dont use the money for rent, what are you going to do when you really do need money for rent in a few weeks? Be honest about why you are asking. Are you in an emergency? Do you want a little money for something fun? Have you totally mismanaged your money and run out before the semester ended? Is there a great opportunity you dont want to miss but cant afford?Put yourself in their shoes. Most likely, you know how they are going to react. Will they be worried about you because you had a car accident and need money to fix your car so you can continue to drive to school? Or furious because you  blew your entire semesters loan check within the first few weeks of school? Put yourself in their situation and try to imagine what theyll be thinking and open to when you finally ask. Knowing what to expect will help you know how to prepare.Know if youre asking for a gift or a loan. You know you nee d money. But do you know if you are going to be able to pay them back? If you aim to  reimburse them, let them know how youll do so. If not, be honest about that, too. Be grateful for the help youve already received. Your parents may be angels or well not. But, most likely, they have sacrificed something money, time, their own luxuries, energy to make sure you made it to school (and can stay there). Be grateful for what theyve done already. And if they cant give you money but can offer other support, be grateful for that, too. They may be doing the best they can, just like you.Think about how to avoid your situation again. Your parents may be hesitant to give you money if they think youre going to be in the same situation next month or next semester. Think about how you got in your current predicament and what you can do to avoid a repeat and let your parents know your plan of action for doing so.Explore other options if possible. Your parents may want to give you money and help out, but it just may not be a possibility. Think about what other options you have, from an on-campus job to an emergency loan from the financial aid office, that can help. Your parents will appreciate knowing that youve looked into other sources besides them.

Geo Lab Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geo Lab Questions - Essay Example Some of the most salient landscape features found in Los Angeles include mountains, rivers and beaches. In fact, the landscape of Los Angeles has created geologic instability in the area. The main types of rocks that influence the landscape of Southern California are the sedimentary rocks located in the region. Research asserts that the Southern California region has numerous petroleum fields which are mainly formed as a result of sedimentary rocks (U.S Department of State, 2012). McWilliams, C. (2009). Southern California: An island on the land. (9th ed.). New York: Peregrine Smith Press. U.S Department of State. (2012). Minerals. Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/united-states/geography-5.htm Question 4 A plate boundary is defined as the region found at the edge of the lithospheric plates. According to the discipline of geography, there are three types of plate boundaries. They include convergent, transform and divergent boundaries. Transform or conservative boundaries are fo rmed when two plates slide past each other along transform faults. In addition, convergent or destructive boundaries are formed when two plates move towards each other. Lastly, divergent or constructive boundaries are formed when two plates move away from each other (Condie, 2009). The movement of these plates always leads to the formation of certain physical landmarks. For example, Iceland is continually separating along the Mid-Atlantic ridge. These divergent forces are attributed by the American and Eurasian plates. This separation has led to the formation of a new crust. However, researchers claim that soon enough Iceland will be separated into two land masses because of the broadening of the crust (Harden, 2011). Condie, K. (2009). Plate tectonics. United States: Butterworth-Heinemann Press. Harden, D. (2011). California geology. New York: Prentice Hall Press. Question 5 According to experts in the field of geography, there are several types of features that are formed through either wave or wind action. Research proves that there are both soft and hard features that are formed along the coastline (Jervis, 2009). The aspect of softness or hardness of a physical feature formed at the coastline mainly depends on certain phenomenon. For example, a spit can be identified as a soft feature that is mostly found at the coastline. In most cases, spits are located at regions with shallow waters whereby there is a diversion in the direction of a coastline. A spit is normally formed when deposition occurs at the shallow area. As deposition of finer material continues, the spit bulges outwards into the sea and is more visible. In addition, an example of a hard feature is a headland. A headland is formed through wave action whereby the force of the water hits the shore forming a land mass. In some instances, the formation of a headland is also boosted by the chemical content that is contained in the sea water (Haslett, 2009). Jervis, P. (2009). Physical features. Unit ed States: Folen Press. Haslett, S. (2009). Coastal systems. New York: Routledge Press. Question 6 It is factual that hot air balloons operate on the certain physical principles. When the amount of lift in the balloon surpasses gravity, then, it moves upwards. According to most physical theories, hot air balloons are supposed to be launched in the morning. This is because the stable winds allow the balloon to operate effectively. Since balloons move with air, most pilots

Questions on the case of WELLS FARGO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions on the case of WELLS FARGO - Essay Example In the California financial code, there is a provision that ensures parity where the commissioner is allowed to issue commands in regulating a California chattered bank to conduct any activity that is allowed for a national chattered bank (FindLaw, 2011). In the determination of whether a federal statute preempts a state law, there is the general presumption that the supremacy clause of the constitution to the United States federal statutes does not preempt the historic powers of the state police. This can only happen if the preemption has the clarity of the United States congress purpose. The general presumption in opposition to preemption, we narrowly interpret the accurate language of the national law or regulation to determine whether a meticulous state law declaration is preempted ((White Paper 2010, 11). State banks are authorized to conduct activities that are not allowed for national banks. This shows that even if Wells Fargo Bank was a Californian chartered bank, it could ha ve taken its case to the court of appeal. If the national chattered bank was able to do that, the California chattered bank was able to do the same. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) conduct examinations in the bank alternatively. The alternation of examination programs, which is either, in a twelve or eighteen month cycle allows the bank to have privacy by keeping intruders off the bank (White Paper 2010, 1). Had 16 F.R. 1904 not included the statement that â€Å"the regulation is a clarification of existing law," the case could have taken a different turn because it could have favored the plaintiff. In this case, Smith did not get any favor for the section stipulated that the case was clarified (FindLaw, 2011). Smith was not lucky because the disclosure he accused the bank to have been preempted in the same ruling. In that regard, the case of advertising being misleading was not favored by the court. If the section was not clarifies, smith could have been favored because the advertisement could have been claimed as misleading. On the other hand, smith did not have any evidence because he did not provide any advert which had affirmative misinterpretation. Smith’s allegations could not have been overruled if he had the advert which was misinterpreted by customers as he claimed (White Paper 2010, 2). The police powers would still have protected the consumer because they are supposed to protect the regulation of consumers and the bank or financial institution. The plaintiff would have been in a very happy mood but, his expectations were turned down because of the insertion of that phrase about clarification. The ruling would have affected the bank in hard manner because colossal amount of money could have been paid as fine due to the ignorance of rules in the bank. The plaintiff could have received benefits but, now he was forced to bear with the circumstances (Portfolio Media, Inc., 2010). Truth in Savings A ct (12 U.S.C. 4301 et. seq.), it is also known as TISA which an acronym. It is a federal law in the United States which was passed on December 19th, 1991. The act was a part of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991. It establishes the uniformity of the terms that regard interests and fees which are paid in the process of opening accounts and passing information (Cfpb, 2011). The United States congress was behind the passing of the law as it noted that it was determined to enhance

Government Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Government - Assignment Example Consensus, on the other hand, is a general agreement among these parts or groups of people. 3. A multi-party system is a political arrangement where parties seeking electoral posts are more than two. They occur in many states such as the UK. People prefer them to the system in the US as they offer the people more choices, and the competition between them leads to the development of better policies to gain an edge over the competition. 5. Having two major parties discourages any upcoming parties as most people are already divided between the parties. The division between the populations on the basis of the parties’ ideologies increases the competition. 11. The nominating process is a serious part of the electoral process. Those nominated, however, are appointed by several influential individuals and not all voters that significantly affects the voters’ right to vote 15. In an open primary, anyone can vote for any party’s candidate regardless of whether they are republican or democrat. In a closed primary, on the other hand, a voter can only vote for someone from their registered party. 23. No person can give more than $2,100 to any federal candidate in a primary election or over $2,100 for the candidates general election campaign. Moreover, no person can contribute more than $5,000 in any year to a political action committee or $26,700 to a national party committee. The total of any persons contributions to federal candidates and committees must be limited to no more than $101,400 in an election cycle (McClenaghan 191). 15. Gerrymandering where the shape of districts if done to the advantage of the political party that, literally, controls. Spreading the opposition thinly throughout the districts limiting their ability to win any

Library class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Library class - Essay Example Why? (Use the criteria detailed out in week 3 lecture, i.e. Authority and Credibility, Scope, Coverage & Relevance, Bias & Accuracy, Currency & Timeliness, Quality, and Commercialism) (6 points). I would not use this source for my final project because it is not an academic paper and as such is not reliable and there is no assurance that it has gone through the valid and thorough research processes as seen in academic papers. 1. The website religioustolerance.org (http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marr.htm) was very helpful and interesting because it was able to discuss the issue of gay marriage using all the viewpoints raised by those who oppose and those who favor it. It is credible because it cites its sources for its discussions; however such sources are not very academic. They are also based on other opinions of other people. The information presented is updated based on the recent dates indicated in the website. 2. My classmate’s entry in relation to ____ is very insightful and interesting. It made use of current and academic resources which make the information reliable and credible. The date indicated in the website is very much recent and the data used came from reliable authors and studies. I suggest that she consider more websites from Google scholar searches because this search will also yield other scholarly and reliable

Analyzing the author's meaning and method Essay

Analyzing the author's meaning and method - Essay Example Currently, technology affects how people relate by defining the kinds of conversation that people can engage in while reducing personal touch. In addition, the communication technologies compete around the world and the impact of competition can be felt in the society. The human being is substituting the real conversations with shallow and poor connections (Turkle 32). It enables the depicting of a particular image that is verified and tested. The image created is different and has several inferences that could be drawn out of it making the whole process complex and hard to understand. The other issues highlighted by the author are the use of the social media platforms in the development of relationships such as the use of Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and other social platforms. These technologies offer an insensitive short-sighted image of the same person making the relationship development process complex and hard to undertake. The digital worlds have offered several platforms of ope ration with varying degrees of success but also by creating a crisis in the process by the creation of the digital personalities which may be different from the known personality. Such challenges in duality pose serious issues of identity and relationship building. The success of the communication technology is massive in relations to change of the communication protocol and other related issues. ... However, the level of presentation of ideas is different in relation to the context of each case. The use of terms such cyborg and other technological terms improve the presentation of the ideas and create an atmosphere of technological improvement and set up (Turkle 35). Consequently, the terms improves the structure of idea presentation in the book encouraging the development of the different concepts and addresses the issues of change. The book is divided into two parts which complement each other to complete the ideas of the author. The author addresses the impact of technology by dividing the presentation in two parts which include; Robotic movement and networked. These two parts address several issues in development that can be viewed as integral to the development of new understanding of the society. The two parts deals with the different issues of intimacy in relationship development and address the issues of technology. The structure of the whole book is based on increased i mpact of technology and the changes effected in the society as a result of the changes. In spite of the changes in technology, several issues can be addressed by evaluating the power of the choice in the society and addressing the natural changes and forced changes in the writing set up (Turkle 33). However, she does no address some issues articulately creating gaps in the idea synchronization. The explanation of these concepts is addressed by the use of narrations and explanation. For instance, chapter eight beings with narrating the dream of Pia Lindman when entering the Halls of MIT. It states that the interest of student supersedes the impact of social control in changing the perception of the people and

Library class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Library class - Essay Example Why? (Use the criteria detailed out in week 3 lecture, i.e. Authority and Credibility, Scope, Coverage & Relevance, Bias & Accuracy, Currency & Timeliness, Quality, and Commercialism) (6 points). I would not use this source for my final project because it is not an academic paper and as such is not reliable and there is no assurance that it has gone through the valid and thorough research processes as seen in academic papers. 1. The website religioustolerance.org (http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marr.htm) was very helpful and interesting because it was able to discuss the issue of gay marriage using all the viewpoints raised by those who oppose and those who favor it. It is credible because it cites its sources for its discussions; however such sources are not very academic. They are also based on other opinions of other people. The information presented is updated based on the recent dates indicated in the website. 2. My classmate’s entry in relation to ____ is very insightful and interesting. It made use of current and academic resources which make the information reliable and credible. The date indicated in the website is very much recent and the data used came from reliable authors and studies. I suggest that she consider more websites from Google scholar searches because this search will also yield other scholarly and reliable

Evaluation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluation Report - Essay Example As practice based learning is linked to the learning activities that require application of theories in a practical work scenario; it provided me the insight of the workplace which could not be achieved by sitting in a lecture room. Cherry et al. (2005) proposed that effective communication is the core of nursing profession. Keeping this in mind I have tried to analyze my communication skills developed, as part of the training session, by issuing handover reports to the nurses on the next shift. I have also made an effort to appraise the level of improvement in my listening skills. Through reflection I tried to summarize my personal and professional development during training. It is a process in which nurses’ team delivers the information about the patient’s care to other nurses normally as the shift changes. It usually focuses on the nursing care plan (Smith, 2004, p.4). Continued reflection on my experience enabled me to assess that handover is one beneficial way of communicating with other nurses. Through handovers nurses are better able to conceive the patient’s condition. Before this work based learning experience I used to make disorganized handovers but by the end of this shift I have witnessed several handovers instructed by the senior nurses and now I am proficient enough to develop a concise hand over in time. During my experience as a trainee nurse, I have seen nurses making unstructured handovers that were a total waste of time as they indicate patient’s information in a biased manner. The time assigned to submit a hand over was usually limited. Attendance was also mandatory at the time of handovers. According to me the current handover practice was efficient as I never witnessed the time of handover process changed. Handovers also formulates a way for personnel education and debriefing (Jones & Bourgeois, 2006, p.155).Nurses used to exchange handovers informally thus

Foundation Degree in Accounting and Finance Essay Example for Free

Foundation Degree in Accounting and Finance Essay Introduction There is a radical change after the privatisation of Atlantic Water. The change not only affects the organisations objectives and strategic planning, but also its structure and culture. B Burnes (1996: 115) cited writers such as Handy (1986), Allaire and Firsirotu (1984) argued the issue as follow: to operate effectively and efficiently, an organisations culture need to match or be appropriate to its structure. Given that an organisations environment can change rapidly, as can its structure, situations will arise in the environment, structure and practices of the organisation. Observing organisational behaviour is not enough, we need to understand the meaning of the behaviour, and therefore, it is important to identify the culture and structure of an organisation, to enable management to react quickly for any external or internal change. 1. Defining Culture It is difficult to define culture, usually it is defined as how things are done around here or this is how we are. Culture within an organisation is influence by the personality of an individual, pattern of communication, work performance, behaviour of management and subordinate as a role. Schein (1983) defines organisational culture as: the pattern of basic assumptions that a given group has invented, discovered or developed in learning to cope with its problems of external adaption and internal integration and that have work well enough to be considered valid, and, therefore , to be taught to new member as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems. Schein views culture as not being over behaviour or values, but the assumptions that underlie them. Here are the views based on three level of culture: * Level 1: The visible artefacts and creations, which are easy to observe, but do not explain why a group behaves the way it does. * Level 2: The values which can be inferred from interview, but which manifest the espoused reason for behaviour, not the underlying unconscious reason. * Level 3: The underlying assumptions which are typically unconscious, but which actually determine hoe people perceive, think and feel. The meaning of Organisational Culture was also defined in Oxford Dictionary of Business (2003) as follow: Organizational Culture: The values, customs, rituals, and norms shared by all the members of an organization, which have to be learnt and accepted by new members of the organization. Culture impacts most aspect of organisational life, such as how decision are made, who makes them, how rewards are distributed, who is promoted, how people are treated, how the organisation responds to its environment etc. This particular set of values, beliefs, customs and systems are unique to the organisation. 1.1 Organisation culture R Harrison suggested that there are four main types of organisation culture. They are the following: Power Culture is where the authority and control within the organisation are centralised. The control is passing from the central to key individuals. The power of members is based on control over resources and personal influence with the centre. Role Culture is where work within and between departments is controlled by procedures, role descriptions and authority definitions. Job position is central to this, not necessarily the job holder as a person. People are appointed to a role based on their ability to carry out the functions and to satisfy performance of the role. R Harrison (1972: 119-128) cited Role Culture as follow: Role culture often referred to as a bureaucracy, it works by logic and rationality. Task Culture is job or project oriented and the main purpose is to complete the task or project. This might involve getting the right people to work as a team, giving them decision making power to complete the task. Person Culture is when the individual is focus on. This includes their personality and personal feeling etc. For example if a group of people decided to do their own thing and other members of staff help, this is a person culture. It only existed for the people concerned. Many organisations have a mixture of the above culture, it is important to understand the concept of each of the above culture and to establish an appropriate structure. 1.2 Culture of the old Water Authority The old Water Authority had a complex grading framework, narrow spans of control and more level of authority, this resulted in a high hierarchical structure, and this indicated that the organisation had a strong power culture. It was mentioned in the case study that the old Water Authority called their managers officers and administered the organisation and ran almost along a military line, where the authority and control were centralised. The employees were job oriented where they can only carry out the job they were originally employed for, there was no need to re-organise their position, where they just followed the day to day procedures. Management saw their jobs as minimising external interference rather then seeking for some change to improve the performance of the employees. Employees in the old Water Authority had a certain level of job security where they could work extra hours where needed, which would give them an extra income. Due to the high hierarchical structure of the organisation, there would be a difficulty for employees career progression, this affected those who are seeking for career improvement and lower their motivation and morale within the organisation. Management did not offer new training skills nor did subordinates look for self improvement. From these evidents the old Water Authority had a mixture of the all the culture which R Harrison suggested. 1.3 Culture of new Atlantic Water Plc In the new Atlantic Water Plc, they re-structured their grading framework, the spans of control reduced the level of hierarchical structure and the result of this, employees had more opportunities to progress within the organisation. The organisation also decided to empower their managers to take more responsibility, the decentralization enabled decisions to be made closer to the operation level of work. In the result of job cuts after privatisation, Atlantic Water offers their employees a chance to gain qualifications and ensured they are cross-skilled. Not only the employees offered to gain new skill, managers are also sent on a training course, where they will have a clearer focus on the organisations objective and to create a new relationship within the organisation. Since Atlantic Water had a large number of jobs cuts, employees suffered from the job insecurity after the privatisation. Although the organisation encouraged them to gain new skills, the main reason will probably be for them to keep their job rather than looking for self improvement. On the other hand, the organisation introduced a new salary structure leaving many employees worse off financially. Since the employees are not gaining any benefits financially and suffering from job insecurity, this impacts the employees morale and their commitment to the organisation. 1.4 Comparison of the old Water Authority and Atlantic Water The old culture of Water Authority was inappropriate to their competitive needs. Atlantic Water changed the culture by shaping the value, beliefs and attitudes of their employees. They started by changing the recruitment, selection and redundancy policies. Managers were recruited from private sector, this effected the composition of the workforce so that promotion and employment prospects are dependent on those concerned possessing or displaying the beliefs and value the organisation wishes to promote. The introduction of the flatter hierarchical structure and decentralisation is an advantage of a private company. The managers can work closely with the working operational level and it will reduce the time it takes to make decision. This also demands a greater involvement of the staff and creates opportunities for employees developing their career. The encouragement of staff training is vitally important to the change of an organisation, this will not only benefit the organisations productivity, but will also improve the level of employees morality and to make them understand their value to the organisation. 2. Defining Structure P Drucker (1974: 52) defined structure as follow: Structure is a means for attaining the objectives and goals of an organization. An organisation existent is to achieve its goal and objectives, the work within an organisation has to be divided among its members. It provides the framework of an organisation and makes all process and application possible. The effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation will be influenced by the structural design and the behaviour of the people who work within the structure. 2.1 Organisational Structure An organisations structure is designed to ensure that rules and procedures are used and followed, it contains four frameworks of relationships within an organisation: the individuals job description, job specialisation, its lines of communication and its hierarchy. Organisational structure can be layered into three hierarchical structures: the technical level, the managerial level and the community level. It is important to have clear objectives within the organisation, good communications both horizontally and vertically can enable an organisation to perform effectively and efficiently. The correct grouping of individuals and work is also important to maintain a high level of performance. 2.2 The old Water Authoritys structure The old Water Authority was a public service organisation, its main objective was to provide a service to local communities. Job description was clarified to individuals and the working pattern was not flexible. The division of work was based on the employees skills, i.e. operation of clean water side and the dirty water side. It had a narrow span of control and more level of authority, this result in a tall hierarchical structure and there are a few problems with this structure. It restricts the decision making process and information is difficult to pass on from either level to another. It is not cost effective since there are more middle managers within the organisation and there could be a conflict between management if the objective was not clarified between departments. The old Water Authority was a centralised organisation where the decision making retained in the top level of management. There are advantages of centralisation, some of which applied to the old Water Authority. The decisions are fitted to broad organisations objectives and it is easier to coordinate the activities within the organisation. But the problem occurred when the decisions were not made close enough with the operational level, it might not be appropriated to the lower level of hierarchical structure. Line and staff management: A system of management used in large organizations in which there are two separate hierarchies; the line management side consists of line managers with responsibility for deciding the policy of and running the organizations main activities, while the staff management, and its separate staff managers, are responsible for providing such supporting service. Oxford Dictionary of Business (2003: 300) This explanation suited the structure of the old Water Authority, each operational department running parallelised and having advisory department across them (See Diagram 1). The mechanistic organisation theory applied to the old Water Authority, where employees had specified roles and definitions of the authority within the hierarchical structure. Communication and interaction are vertical, the structure of the old Water Authority was appropriate as the external environment was stable. 2.3 Atlantic Waters Structure The privatisation changed the Water Authority from a public service organisation to an economic organisation. The objective is no longer just to provide service, but to make a profit and to survive in the competitive market. Atlantic Water re-structured their grading framework, it reduced the level of management, the wider span of control resulted in a flatter hierarchical structure. It reduced the bureaucratic costs, i.e. less middle managers, less coordination problem and reduced the chance of information distortion. Decentralisation is another result of down-sizing the hierarchical structure, this allows decisions to be made closer to the operational level and reduces information overload on upper managers. Managers have more free time to do something else, i.e. provide personal care for its subordinates. The line and staff organisational structure also changed, it became a matrix structure, where there is more than one critical orientation to the operations of the organisation, such as they introduced the pay negotiations in house and fixed-term contractors. Atlantic Water encouraged their employee to gain qualification to enable them to be cross-skilled, so they can be deployed by their manager where and when they are needed, the flexibility of the working pattern is essential. The mechanistic organisation is no longer applicable in the lower level, it combined both the mechanistic organisation at the top of the hierarchy and the organic organisation at the bottom of the level. Organic organisation has a flexible system and structure which is characterised by the adjustment and continual redefinition of tasks. Communication and authority does not necessarily coincide with positional authority. 3. Organisational Change L Mullins (2002: 798) suggested organisation development is a key to organisational change. Organisation development is concerned with the diagnosis of organisational health and performance, and the ability of the organisation to adapt to change. In order to change the organisation effectively, organisation development is essential to have the correct strategies: survey research and feedback, T-group and team building. Survey and feedback involves using questionnaires to help identifying the attitudes of individuals within the organisation. Top management can analysis the feedback and discuss the problems, and the action to be taken to help to improve performance. T-group is also known as sensitivity training, it involve informal groupings to discuss the individuals feeling toward the organisation and to understand their abilities in themselves. Team building is identifying the task procedures and the pattern of interaction within the work group. The aim of this function is to improve overall performance of the organisation through the effectiveness of the team. Organisational development is not only about improving the organisation effectiveness and efficiency, but also improve the morality and commitment of individuals. 3.1 Strategies for Change and Innovation There are different strategies approaches to changes in the organisation, however it has to be carefully design and apply. From the strategic management point of view, organisational change has four main facets which need constant re-appraisal and planned action: * Human resource implications This involve training, personal skill development, the culture needed to be accepted. The organisation needs to encourage and motivate their employees by providing opportunity for improvement. * Functional implications Communication need to be improved between departments, the understanding of how the department works is also important, different area of organisation has their own way of working method. Decentralise the authority and appraisal system should be introduced. * Technological implications Increase use of technology can improve the productivity and administration of an organisation. Although there is a cost of the installation and operational cost, but it actually reduce overhead cost in long term, i.e. less manual labour and improve accuracy. * Organisational implications This involve change of relationship, work groups, routines and practices. There will be a new requirement of communications between departments and the management skills need to be improved to compromise within the organisation. 3.2 Atlantic Waters Approaches After the privatisation, Atlantic Water applied the organisation development techniques. They are role analysis, life and career planning, quality of work life and counselling. Role analysis Employees are trained to be cross-skilled so they can be deployed by their manager where and when they are needed, so their tasks are more flexible than before. Life and career planning The organisation encourages their employees to gain qualifications, this will not only benefit the individual, but also the performance of the organisation. The organisation also invested heavily in management development so the managers have a clearer commercial focus and a new relationship with its workforce. Quality of work life The new grading framework of the organisation creates opportunity for many employees who wish to develop their career. The organisation introduced a new salary structure, but it leaves many employees worse off financially, Atlantic Water failed to provide a better quality of work life. Counselling There is a programme to help individual to deal with stress which are caused from job insecurity. This will help and assist individual to attain their goal and to re-build their confidence. Atlantic Water has improved their performance in general by investing in training programmes for both the management and their staff, but they did not consider their employees feeling. The morality and commitment level had dropped significantly due to the amount of work load and insecurity of their job. Although they offered a counselling programme, their employees are not being awarded for the extra efforts they put into the organisation. The low level of morality and commitment has major influence on the level of work performance. Atlantic Water should try to re-build the relationship with their employees by re-viewing their salary structure. The employees should be informed at a reasonable level of the activity within the organisation, sharing the success of the organisation will also boost the level of confidence for the individual. The management training should not be limited to the knowledge within the industry, it should includes counselling, coaching and leadership skills. Managers have a major influence on the motivation and behaviour of employees. 4. Conclusion The change has a massive impact upon Atlantic Water, the structure, culture and organisational climate had changed significantly. They have taken a certain level of approach but the results are not all positive, they need to carefully re-build relationships with its employees. The organisational climate is an indication of the employees feeling and beliefs, obviously Water Atlantics climate needs to be improved. It must develop new ways to increase the loyalty and commitment of employees. This includes attention to reward strategies based on recognition of contribution rather than status or position. The management of organisational climate is an important means of improving productivity and standard of work performance. Diagram 1 Bibliography Burnes B. (1996) 2nd Edition, Pitman Publishing, London Drucker P. (1974), New templates for todays organizations, Harvard Business Review, London Huczynski A. Buchanan D. (1991), Organizational Behaviour, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, London Mullins L. (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Essex Schein E. (1997), Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey Bass Wiley, London Schneider S. Barsoux J. (2003), Managing Across Culture, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, London Reference Burnes B. (1996), Managing Change, 2nd Edition, London, Pitman Publishing, Drucker P. (1974), New templates for todays organizations, Harvard Business Review, London Mullins L. (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Essex Schein E. (1997), Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey Bass Wiley, London Oxford University Press (2003), Oxford Dictionary of Business, 3rd Edition, Market House Book Ltd, London

The Recession: Causes and Effects

The Recession: Causes and Effects Executive Summary Introduction There was a recession in United States in the late 2008 which carried away in the 2009 as well making an impact on the entire world. The inflation rate soared high with all the things expensive around the corner. A persons earning power and purchasing power, everything reduced and in fact in some countries it ended. People started saving and cost cutting on almost all the objects and almost in all the aspects of life. The demand for the goods reduced and thus the supply which impacted on many jobs around the world. People were fired from the job without any prior notice. A majority of the population went unemployed. Every consumer started saving in the maximum way they can. There was a situation of panic in almost all the houses in different parts of the world. The stock market got crashed and so as the banks. Banks lost their clients, people started living and enjoying inside their house. Corporate reduced their expenses in the form of salaries and job cuts. People travelling in bus iness class started travelling in economy. It was a major blow for the world all over. Money lost its value. Developed nations were the worst affected. No investors were ready to invest further money. But there was also few countries like china and India where this panicked situation did not occur. Although, it did reduced their balance of payment and trade but it did not made much impact on the people living in these countries. They were much relaxed in comparison with different parts of the world. India has developed its own domestic market which never tried to made an impact of the recession. Exports were reduced and so does imports, There were jobs cuts for the BPOs but there were many alternatives to the people for the jobs. US economy did made around 60 percent of the impact on India but the impact were actually not seen anywhere in India. India has developed its domestic market quite strongly. It has all the local tradesman and local customers. Although there were price rises in some of the few products but they were never taken seriously by the Indian people because the country is used to high and low prices because of the changing government on random basis. The living standard of people in India were still increasing at the time of the recession when the rest of the world were affected by the high rising costs of everything and were into the â€Å"Saving Mode†. In another words there was an economic downfall in India and could not be called as â€Å"Recession†. Recession: The standard text book definition of a recession is: â€Å"Negative Economic Growth for two consecutive quarters†. This means there must be a fall in real output for a period of 6 months. However, not all of them as analyst/economists are happy with this definition. The reason being this are: Rise in Population: If the population increase is by a single percent in a year. The Real GDP growth of a half percent will mean the decline in the GDP per Capita. Therefore, a country like USA, where the population is increasing day by day, it is really important to have a check on it. Inaccurate Statistics: Generally Gross Domestic Product statistics are not accurate and they need to be amended. So, In consequence of that, if there is a growth of 0.4%,that actually means the growth is declining by 0.3%. Sometimes, the economist rounds up the figure and use it in the practical calculations. Growth under incline Rate. If dimension is growing by an average of 3 percent every year, this means there is an economic growth of 0.9 percent every year, which means there is an increase in spare capacity and hence, it is likely to raise the percentage level of unemployment. Hence, Few economists suggests, there is a recession if there is a rise in spare capacity. But, its a confusing statement as it means growth in the economy of about a percent means a phase of the recession. Also, according to some economist, it refer to a beginning phase of the recession and deep decline in growth rate are the special features of the recession. Level of Unemployment. The most important discussion and the area of concern at the time of recession is the rise in the percentage level of unemployment. If there is a sharp increase in peoples losing jobs and getting unemployed, this shows an economy is in recession. It might be quite controversial to say about this situation that it is not in recession if the unemployment level has risen up by half a million in spite of the countrys positive growth. A point of consideration here is about the level of unemployment rise which is caused by the supply side and not the demand side factors. Result of Survey: Give a thorough research on the topic with the worlds economists and it will be quite interesting to find their subjective response. According to few economists, a figure less than fifty percent decline to accept the economic recession in USA and vice versa. NBER Definition of Recession- NBER announces the occurrence of the recession in USA. The definition by NBER is: A significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. NBER further tells us that: â€Å"There is no fixed rule about what weights are assigned to the various indicators, or about what other measures contribute information to the process.† This statement is quite clear about the recession but it is not certain about the time period or its occurrence time and what exactly can cause the recession. Recession My personal View According to my personal view, recession occurs when there is a decline in real GDP. If there is a small growth of say,0.4 percent we can expect a recession or at least we can say that the economy is well behind the trend growth. However, we should always consider the point that a recession does require a decline in Gross Domestic Product for at least one quarter. Also, in brief, we can say, recession is a steep decline in Real GDP per Capita. Depression is defined as: ‘Depression is when a person looses his job and he do not have any money flowing into his account to support his family. Drastic decline in the real GDP causes a situation of depression. It is when the productivity of the output falls for more than eighteen months or by more than, four percent. There was a steep decline in the great depression of 1929-33 of almost eighteen percent. so there is a difference between A recession and A depression. And the idea behind this ,is, the scenario between recession and depression is known as Economic Downturn. Therefore, an economic downturn is the balanced structure of recession and depression. Indicators of Recession The economist involved in the financial and advisory fields generally mention the stock market situations as an indicator of recession. According to them, In Western Europe and North America, the prediction of the recession can be made by sudden and sharp decline in the average performance of the share market. These performances can be checked by DowJones or Standards Poors 500 index. However, this definition seems to be quite insufficient. By looking into the history of the stock market, about their high and low stock indicators, gearing up with the past seventy years of the analysis report nothing has been found that could be relevant with the definition or is even closer to the definition of the recession. Moreover, if we analyse the current recession or the recessions of the past two decades, it does demonstrate a downfall of the stock market. But if we analyse it carefully we will find all the stock market crashed after the recession came in. Therefore, we cant take it as the indicator of recession rather than it just tell us one factor responsible and effected at the time of recession. To measure the inbound recession, the best measurable indicator is an inverted yield curve. Inverted yield curve shows the point on which the investments in long term fall (specifically, those holding a period like as term deposit) under the yields on the deposit of short term. This shows the utmost importance of the identification of the market itself. The yields and pricing on investments generally relates to the demand and supply models. If the value of the money is going to decrease in the future, it is going to be a problem for the borrowers and lenders as well. No one will borrow the money on high rates and the lenders will have the affect of it. No person will ever borrow money when the value of the money will depreciate. Therefore, when we calculate and formulate the risk, it makes sure that the market observes a decline in the upcoming value of money, which includes the rate of the price and rate of the yield. Market yield is determine by the expectations of the investors, risk prising and knowledge about risk and if in long term the yield gets shortened, the economy is going to be in the same level. Therefore, the further market expectations can be predicted on the basis of the yield curve. According to the experimental data, this works in the reality as well and not only theoretically. Although, the yield curve is not so perfect but the little knowledge and understanding of it by the borrowers, investors, and individuals give them enough understanding to handle the market in a better position than anyone else. They are likely to make few rational decisions on based of these calculations. On the basis of the calculations figured out of the above yield, five out of the six inverted yield curves in the past thirty years have predicted a weak economic environment, which is said to be an informal decision about the recession. Quite interesting to see this theory of risk pricing is in correlat ion with the quality of the recession predicted. At the time of recession, say, at the present scenario, most of the investors are not ready to take risk and trying to withdraw the money from the invested market. There is no investment at the moment where the investors can expect a good return and so they are trying to sell off their /shares and have control on their money. Due to the risk involve at the moment for loss off all the money invested, they are particularly thinking to invest in the best safest place which they can think off so that the money can be in circulation. These safe investments are called as â€Å"quality investments†. At the end, NGOs along with the conference board has published an index of leading economic pointers which can be used in the prediction of the economic activities and the business cycles. This index has the listing of ten itemised observance and many more subjective metrics in consumers behaviour with the calculations of the hours per week they work. This index made an experiment of the recession which tried to figure out the recessions of the past fifty years and was successful enough to predict around two hundred percent of the times of the economic withdrawals which had actually been in the past. This helps them in getting a solid base knowledge of the occurrence of the recession and their indicators. This knowledge can help investors in knowing the correct time of investing money and coming out of it and they can predict accurately about the business cycles, recessions occurrence time and other effective economic metrics can help them to move out or stay decisions to rent profit s from the investments which they make to generate their revenue and income with a strong level of prediction of the uncertain cause of the economic recession. However, most of the experts say, that the current knowledge of this is not going to give any outcome in the near future as the situations differ from time to time and it will be of no use by predicting from the historical datas. This might be wrong and investment decision can still be risky in the future, if by using the same method of historical dates. Causes of Recession- Fall in the aggregate demand also commonly known as AD is one of the important cause of the recession. Following are the causes of decline in AD in United States in the recent time: Credit Crunch: there has been lots of difficulty of borrowing the money in the US because of the high mortgage defaults. Many banks and financial institutions lost their money and after that they were quite reluctant in lending money. This made borrowing a very expensive method which leads to the less investment by the consumer. Investments were quite low which made the shortage of the money in the market. Defaults in Mortgage: companies introduced introductory offers for the people taking mortgage instantly and when this introductory offer ended, the interest rates increased which made it quite expensive. Peoples disposable income got reduced and which lead to default in the payment of mortgage rates by the people. Rising Costs: There has been an increase in the oil prices, energy rates and food prices which increased the production cost in almost all the things which lead the Aggregate Supply (AS) curve to shift from right to left. Lower income consumer cant afford the costly and expensive times due to which the demand got reduced and became a cause for the recession. Decline in the House Prices: Loosing the value of assets is quite trouble giving situation to the households. This situation reduces consumers wealth and it prevents equity withdrawal through remote gagging. With decline in house prices consumers tend to spend less because of the depreciating value of their money and assets. Bankruptcy: The financial institutions and banks like Bear Sterns and Northern Rock going bankrupt made people fear of spending the money. They were now, more into savings and prefer staying at home rather than moving out. According to Keynesian theory-â€Å" Fall in AD will result in Fall in Real GDP.† Real GDP effects depends upon the slope of the Aggregate Supply curve. Lets assume, the economy being very close to the highest level, then the lower Aggregate Demand curve would shift a bit and cause a very small fall in Real GDP. Decline in any of the constituent can cause economic crisis. Example, Say-MPC= x, cost of borrowing=y If â€Å"X† increases the interest rate by 4%, â€Å"Y† would also increase which in turn will make saving quite attractive. Therefore, the consumers will save more and spend less. Spending will be only done on the basic requirements which will benefit them in lots of savings. On the other hand, if the government increases the tax rate and lower its spending, Aggregate Demand would fall as well. Lets see the above figure. If we assume, there is a decline in Aggregate Demand then the multiplier effect may magnify the initial downward movement in the point â€Å"A†. Lets take an example of the factory where the production of the factory reduces, then definitely, the company would try to cut its cost and would reduce the labour from its factory because that will save them extra money. Now, as these workers are jobless, they are going to spend very less which will cause a secondary decline in Aggregate Demand, which will make the fall in Real GDP to a great extent. A positive rate of economic growth can be determined by consumer satisfaction level and the business growth level. If everything goes positive and there is a satisfied market then there wont be any reduction in the demand even if the interest rates are hiked by the banks and the government. Moreover, if people are unsecured about their job and finances, they will start saving and spend the minimum they can, Which will cause the Aggregate Demand to decline or may be move at very slower rate. Hence, the consumers predictions and expectations of the future should be safe and secure which might be very helpful in the circulation of money and the well balanced demand and supply curve. Example: Lets assume a country, say -United Kingdom. The most important feature of the country is based on International trade. Therefore, if there is a recession in other parts of the world the country will get affected as demand for their products will decline, and the export margin for the country will also decline due to the very less demand from the international boundaries. And this cycle will repeat in the UKs economy as well, where peoples demand will also reduce leading to the economy into the crisis. According to the classical economists beliefs, If there is any decline in Real GDP, they wont be permanent and will come to the finishing point when the labour markets get set themselves to the new price margin. They also argue on the point, If there is a decline, no matter big or small, in the Aggregate Demand, there will be fall in Real GDP. Hence, with a small shift in the price margin, wages will fall and finally SRAS will have a positive shift towards the right and gradually it will benefit in the economy returning to the original level at YF and the recession will come to an end. But, speaking harshly on these above valuations about the great depression of 1930, Keynes said, the long period of negative growth points about the markets show that they cant get clear automatically. He argued on the following reasons: Whenever there is a situation of recession, people have the tendency to save more rather than spend. They try to do savings as much as they can as they are really unsecure about the upcoming days, this is known as â€Å"Paradox of Thrift†. The factories or the business segments cut the wages and salaries to reflect downward movement in the prices but originally the workers are really harsh on it because a reduction in the salary/wages does not give them enough purchasing power and saving power. Now, if the salaries are deducted of the employees/workers, they would have less purchasing power, therefore, the demand will fall which will make the total impact on the AD curve, which will continue to decline at a rapid pace. Keynesian policies: An inspirational success Keynes introduced the power of elimination of the fear of people of depression with the practical examples. Before the Second World War, there were 8 U.S. recessions which got transformed into the situation of depression (1807, 1837, 1873, 1882, 1893, 1920, 1933, and 1937). Since the Second World War, there were 9 recessions (1945-46, 1949, 1954, 1956, 1960-61, 1970, 1973-75, 1980-83, and 1990-92) out of which not a single recession transformed into the situation of depression.This is a wonderful gift to the world by Keynes. Supply and demand factor When there is an excess of supply and demand in the market, a recession can take place within an international boundary which can later spread to the entire world. When the industries hire more and more labour and start the production at maximum level with the perception of the high demand in the market, they get a set back if the taste of the consumers has changed. When this situation arises supply in excess can cause the company loss and can be forced to reduce the prices. The companies then try to regain the loss by cutting employment and getting rid of the produced items. So in this case the excess supply factor would reduce and can be very slow. Along with this there is another situation which does occurs frequently from the side of the consumers. When the consumers demand is more than the supply side, the industries take benefit of it by increasing the prices of the products and by reducing the production of its products. And at this time, the products prices will be higher than it used to be because of the scarcity of the products in the market. Now, the consumers think, that the prices can exceed further, therefore, they buy the products in lots of quantity to satisfy their needs and excess demand. These poor industrial balances start giving a hint of industrial recession which spreads in the market affecting everyone. The supplier as well as consumers gets affected by this. Inflation A smaller amount of increase in the price value can click the beginning of the recession in the world market. The price value of all the domestic products like sugar, oil, wheat, rice, fruits, vegetables increases and become very costly which are not easily affordable. Not only the domestic products prices, but the price of oil also increases with rapid speed. At the moment, if we check the oil prices in the world, they have increased to huge height. The United States makes an impact on the entire world and the economists have warned them to stay in a planned economy to escape the recession or else they along with themselves will carry the entire world into the recessions. This warning should be the wake up alarm for all the countries including the USA. Crash in the Stock Market The crash in the stock market leading to fall of all the share prices is also one of the main reasons for the recession. The United States attacked Iraq which caused a major countrys revenue and put the entire country in the pressure of monetary problems also led the country lead into recession. According to the local people and share brokers, this war made an impact on the share market of USA which led to the decline in the prices value of the shares. The anti protection team were made against terrorism causing again the huge revenue for the country which resulted in the sharp decline in the share prices. Due to terrorism not only USA but the entire worlds share market is going down which is an issue of major concern. Selling of the Stocks By the alarming situation of the war, inflation, deflation, hyper inflation, catastrophe people start trading their shares on the large basis. The large investors sell out their shares at very cheap rates and get their money back due to the fear of loosing them. This also marks the factor of the inflation. In the year 2008, there was maximum trade of shares and the value of all the shares were at the bottom level. Saving factor of House Holds Most of the consumers are saving the money which is not allowing the money to rotate in the current market. The money is kept safely under their respective homes. Middle class families are quite resisting in going out and spending rather than keeping their pockets in tacked for the future. Majority of the money is owned by rich class people and even they are not exposing their money. This means, the moneys rotational nature is stopped and hence, the situation of recession is getting worse day by day. High consumption One of the major causes of the recession is over consumption. Peoples attitude of taking the life into a luxurious manner makes them overspend in the form of getting more and more luxury items. They want to build their standard of living and want to show off in the society. Everyone tries to compete with each other in terms of fashion and high status. Along with this the purchases of the luxurious health beauty costumes also make them spend on these products and the reason behind this is just â€Å"Show Off† in the society. Going to the expensive restaurants and having the most expensive food with lesser and higher quality also marks their standards. This excessive consumption of money has leaded the world fall into recession and poverty. United States invested billions of dollars into its war with Iraq which made economists alarmed them to be cautious about their future planning and also the consumption of the money in a more better and organised manner. Contamination in the Asian market The terrorism threats in Asia are causing the United States under an absolute pressure of recession. USA is taking major steps to avoid the terrorist attacks and threats in Asia and implementing its policies towards it to control the situation otherwise which can make a huge negative impact on the world. The major economic activity in the continent has been on the diminishing line on the graph which can cause the world a very huge burden of the recession which may be later converted into the situation of depression. Dirty environment, poverty, deflation, flood, hyperinflation, stock market downfall are some of the factors which are the areas of concerned in the continent. All these has made the United States quite interested in the enquiries towards the factors of recession and trying to take control of the difficult situation which may be very harmful to he world. The money supplys expansion is the work of the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. He is the one who can influence the economy without much notice. He can take immediate decisions on the raise or drop of the interest rates which can be even by fifteen percent. He makes the economy run by developing the movement of unemployment or the balance of the demand and supply. There have been many chairmen who were quite successful in managing the floatation of the interest rates but some were not successful as well. It has been agreed by all the economist, the person who can control the money supply should be enough influential and enough intelligent to handle it. On contrary, President of the United States has influence only on the long term on the economy. The decision taken by him at the time of his rule, they are implemented on a long term which may come into action even after his term gets over. Borrowing and spending decisions also take considerable time to pass through all the stages of confirmation and then getting it implemented in the economy. Therefore, the president is not at all responsible for the recessions as many people point the situation towards them. Its the chairman of the Federal Reserve who is responsible for the economic imbalances in the country. Many economists have agreed on this and has announced as injustice done to the presidents. There have been examples in the US economy where actions have been taken against the then presidents at the time of recession, which actually is not correct at all. Carter was punished for that high unemployment and inflation in the country and so as George Bush. However, if it was the president who was controlling the money supply they will be considered into the merit list. Impact of Recession The peoples purchasing power reduced as the companies reduced their labour and the workers still with them got cuts in their salary. Therefore, when the demand was low, production was low. All the prices of the small to big things became costly and people started saving rather than spending. Frequent flight travellers used trains as an alternative and similarly, in all the things in the market, consumers started opting for the cheaper substitutes which made a heavy impact on the business industry. The stock prices crashed down and people lost their life time savings in the stock market. Banks announced their loss or some banks did announce their bankruptcy as well. Historical review of recessions Recessions in the world Due to the unavailability of the proper acceptance of the definition of a global recession, IMF considers global recessions when the global growth is less than 3%. According to the estimates of IMF, global recession does occur in a cyclical phase of 8 and 10 years. As per them, the past three global recessions of the past 20 years, the global output per capita growth was in negative or less than zero. The economists with IMF states the global growth rate of 3 % or less would slowdown the overall growth of the countries. The recessions of 1990-1993,1998, 2001-2002, and 2008-2009 had a massive decline of the growth rate below zero. USA has faced many expansions and contractions since 1854 which has an average of seventeen months of contraction and thirty eight months of expansion. Meanwhile, since USA entered in 1980s they have faced only 8 periods of negative or zero growth in the economy over a fiscal quarter or more, and four periods considered recessions: January-July 1980 and July 1981-November 1982: 2 years total July 1990-March 1991: 8 months March 2001-November 2001: 8 months December 2007-current: 15 months as of March 2009 From 1991 to 2000, the U.S. experienced 37 quarters of economic expansion, the longest period of expansion on record. NBER in USA announces the arrival of the recessions in its economy and have succeeded in conforming correctly the economy in recession over a decline period of two quarters. But, there is a point of consideration of the recession of 2001 which involved the preceding of two quarters of alternative decline and weak growth in spite of the decline of the two consecutive quarters. Stock market and recessions Anticipations have been made by the economists about the recessions of the decline in the stock markets. However, the stock market crashes after the recession is in. In the recent period of time, there have been many sounds of crash from all over the worlds stock markets. According to Siegel, in the Long run, since 1948 there have been 10 recessions which were preceded by a fall in the stock market with an average time period of around six months, however, there have been some stock markets in the Dow Jones which crashed below ten percent but still they did not come into recessions. The impact of recessions can be also seen on real estate market which however last much longer than the recessions and take a good number of quarters to gain the momentum again. Its almost next to impossible to predict the business cycle. And Therefore, Siegel on this argues strongly and say its almost impossible to make timings investment decisions on based of these economic cycles. In fact, NBER also takes quite a bit of time to determine about the negative growth in all the sectors brining down the economy to a halt. Whenever, there is a decline in the economy, the consumers tend to adopt the stuffs of daily requirement from the market in whole sale and keep them in their stocks. Tobacco, contraceptives and medicines industry grow even at the time of negative economic and tends to hold a better position than any other industry. The stock market gets better day by day as the economy progress at a span of time. Once the economy is at worst i.e. after the lowest decline, market tends to grow and the stocks moves really fast building its strong position once again. There have been issues and objection over the health care companies progress. This is so because, they are in a better position than any other industry at the time of recession and after the market recovers; it is quite interesting to watch their stocks progress. Some companies diversify their risks and invest into the international projects which may provide them safety and a better industry position however, the countries which are very closely trading with USA also gets affected by the US recession. There has been a trend set of the recession by their historical figures and therefore, the investors begin discounting a recovery when the recession has crossed its halfway. The average length of a recession in US has been taken as thirteen months; nevertheless there are many recessions which have been shorter in period than thirteen months. Therefore, the present recession discounting period had already been started in the November 2009 and the market is growing with a good speed and trying to gain the momentum once again and is expected to be in a good position by the Middle of 2010. PoliTICS RECESSION The administration gets the blame or the credit for the economy of its country. The political controllers has to make sure the countrys economy is running into a good position, which has actually made disagreements about the arrival of the recession. Whenever, there is a downturn in an economy in can be considered a posi